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just as we ever to region we learned

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more about two of our planetary

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neighbors this year Jupiter and Saturn

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scientists launched rockets to improve

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methods of studying ozone and the

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Earth's upper atmosphere parts of the

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new space transportation system were

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assembled and rolled out to the launch

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pad in a major test and the tiltrotor

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research aircraft began making

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transition flights one of a number of

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Jupiter largest of the sun's nine

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planets was photographed close up by the

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voyagers 1 and 2 spacecraft what their

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camera eyes recorded as they passed by

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the giant planets churning clouds were

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ribbon like streaks of red and brown and

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yellow the wealth of data and

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photographs left behind by the voyagers

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are providing scientists a valuable

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source of raw material to be studied

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from Jupiter's newly discovered ring to

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the active volcanoes of aisle one of its

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14 surrounding moans the Voyager

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discoveries have surprised and delighted

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NASA scientists information that may one

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day help us better understand our own

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earth and the voyagers mission did not

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end a Jupiter the two spacecraft are now

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speeding toward a rendezvous with Saturn

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in 1980 and 1981 acting as Pathfinder

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for the voyagers pioneer 11 the 570

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pound spacecraft climaxed six and a half

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years and a 2 billion mile voyage in

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deep space as it swept by Saturn at 70

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1,200 miles per hour scientists watched

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anxiously as pioneer made its to our

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passage of Saturn's rings four times the

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spacecraft was hit by small pieces of

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debris but emerged safely despite the

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collisions pioneer had a closer look at

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Saturn that all the observations that

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have been made in the last 400 years

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photographs show what appeared to be jet

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streams swirling around Saturn at 300

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miles an hour a new ring circling the

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planet's equator and radiation belts

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that are more like Earth's in their

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intensity and energy levels the pioneer

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11 spacecraft dwarfed by the objects it

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was sent to observe is speeding out of

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the solar system in an endless journey

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this is he 03 high-energy astronomy

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observatory the last of a series of

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spacecraft designed to study deep

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regions of the universe where enormous

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amounts of energy are

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launched from Cape Canaveral he 03 is

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now scanning the galaxies for gamma and

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cosmic rays in an effort to find clues

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about radiation from exploding stars and

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black holes high-energy astronomy is

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helping us better understand the

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universe around us a new tool for the

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80s will be the Space Telescope weighing

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five tons and measuring 43 feet long by

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14 feet in diameter the Space Telescope

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will give astronomers unprecedented

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views of space unobstructed by the veil

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of the Earth's atmosphere the 94 inch

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primary mirror largest astronomical

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instrument ever to be placed in space is

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shown here undergoing initial grinding

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and polishing operations at the

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PerkinElmer corporation in Danbury

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Connecticut about 300 pounds of glass

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will be removed during the lengthy

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grinding and polishing process the new

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telescope Observatory is scheduled to be

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placed in orbit by the Space Shuttle in

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the 1980s and will circle the Earth at

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an altitude of 310 miles this is what

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NASA's Space Shuttle will look like

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prior to launch shown here during a test

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rollout is the Shuttle Orbiter

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enterprise sitting on top of its large

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external fuel tank and between two solid

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rocket boosters the two solid rockets

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will be parachuted back to an ocean

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landing where they'll be picked up and

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made ready for another mission

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preparations for the first shuttle

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launch continued this year including a

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water deluge test 300,000 gallons of

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water will be dumped on the spacecraft's

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mobile platform at the time of launch to

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counteract damaging noise vibrations of

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the engines at liftoff the 16 seconds of

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waterfall has a sound deadening effect

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as the engines fire

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the three main engines that will power

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the space shuttle Columbia into orbit

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were tested at the National Space

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Technology Laboratory in Bay st. Louis

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Mississippi the main engines are

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designed to produce up to four hundred

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seventy thousand pounds of thrust loping

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a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen

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problems in testing the shuttle engines

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continue to cause delays one of the two

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solid rocket boosters that will burn for

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two minutes with the shuttles main

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engines during launch is shown laid out

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horizontally in preparation for a test

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firing the place is the vehicle

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corporation near Brigham City Utah each

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of the solid rocket boosters produces

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2,650,000 pounds of thrust small rocket

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engines called thrusters that make it

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possible to maneuver the shuttle once in

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space were also successfully fired at

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NASA's white sands test facility in New

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Mexico the hundred fifty four foot

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external propellant tank that will hold

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1 million five hundred fifty thousand

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pounds of fuel for the shuttles three

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main engines was rolled out and shipped

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to the Kennedy Space Center Florida the

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external tank was manufactured at NASA's

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Michoud assembly facility by the Martin

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Marietta company this is space shuttle

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orbiter 102 christened Columbia it was

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named for the sea goin Columbia out of

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Boston that entered and explored the

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mouth of the Columbia River in 1792

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Captain Robert gray named the river

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after his ship it will be the space

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shuttle Columbia that makes the first

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trip into orbit around the earth the 122

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foot long spaceship which looks like and

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lands like an airplane is being molded

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into existence by a government industry

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team of engineers and technicians 31,000

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specially made silica tiles are being

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mounted on the surface of Columbia

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making it possible for the shuttle to

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withstand repeated heating and cooling

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good for 100 or more round trips into

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space without replacement problems

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encountered in installing the protective

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tiles have contributed to pushing back

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the first shuttle launch by several

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months

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astronauts john young and bob crippen

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will pilot columbia on its maiden voyage

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into space they are ready and despite

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some troublesome delays along the way

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all the parts and pieces of the new

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space transportation system are coming

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together and approaching launch

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readiness there were several major

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events that occurred during the year

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including adding 35 men and women to the

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astronaut roster the 35 completed a 12

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month training program and will be the

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pilots and mission specialists as the

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Space Shuttle becomes operational ten

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years ago three American astronauts

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lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center

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in Florida two of those men astronauts

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neil armstrong and buzz aldrin became

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the first humans to set foot on another

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planet much attention was given during

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the year to the re-entry of Skylab

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launched in May 1973 Skylab was manned

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by three different three-man crews for

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periods of 2859 and 84 days during which

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many scientific experiments were

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conducted since early nineteen

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seventy-four the uninhabited Skylab had

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been slowly descending early in the year

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it became apparent that the 77 ton space

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station would re-enter the atmosphere in

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the summer skillful manipulation of

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skylabs small amount of maneuvering

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capability combined with good fortune

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resulted in debris reaching the surface

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in the Indian Ocean and in sparsely

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populated areas of Australia causing no

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damage or injuries in space applications

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remote sensing from satellites like

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Landsat are being considered more as

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operational tools by the departments of

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agriculture and interior remote sensing

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makes it possible to inventory and

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predict world food crops for instance

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consider these pictures taken by Landsat

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as it tracked the Mexican Gulf oil spill

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large area views like this have been

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very useful to the US Geological Survey

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and the Mexican government

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using computers and the goes one weather

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satellite NASA is working with the

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University of Florida and the National

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Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

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to develop a system to warn citrus

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growers when freezing temperatures are

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about to occur this type information

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alerts growers when they should fire up

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their oil heaters to save their crops

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from freezing NASA's Marshall Space

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Flight Center has taken technology

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needed to design highly efficient pumps

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for rocket engines to develop new

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lightweight firefighting water cannons

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for the Coast Guard these portable units

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can easily be transported where they're

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needed and can draw water from anywhere

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including the sea with a pumping rate of

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1,000 gallons per minute to study the

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ozone layer and effects of aerosols on

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that region a stratospheric aerosol and

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gas experiment satellite called sage was

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launched from NASA's Wallops Flight

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Center off Virginia's Eastern Shore to

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compare the information received from

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satellites like sage scientists and

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engineers from five countries also

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launched 20 small rocket born

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experiments from Wallops Island changes

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in aerosol concentration may cause

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changes in climate with important

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implications for agriculture energy

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related research is continuing to be

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part of NASA's overall effort a wind

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energy program supporting the Department

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of Energy is just one example the third

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in a series of two hundred thousand watt

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wind generators began operating on Block

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Island Rhode Island it can Electrify up

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to 250 homes there during the winter

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that's half the permanent residence on

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the island a much larger wind turbine

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able to produce two million watts of

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electricity began operating atop a

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residents in the papago indian village

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of stu Cilic arizona are enjoying

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electrical power provided by solar

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energy the 3500 wat photovoltaic village

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power project was funded by the

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Department of Energy the papago tribe

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Public Health Service and the four

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corners Regional Commission it is

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managed by NASA's Lewis Research Center

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in Cleveland NASA's Jet Propulsion

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Laboratory in Pasadena took delivery of

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a new electric test vehicle developed by

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General Electric and Chrysler for the

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Department of Energy the sleek electric

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car is scheduled to undergo extensive

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testing etv one can range from between

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75 on 120 miles before recharging and

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has a top speed of 65 miles per hour at

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an estimated operating cost of 18 cents

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a mile the car uses 18 lead-acid

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batteries good for 30,000 to 50,000

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miles and can be recharged by plugging

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into an ordinary household outlet for

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eight hours a large part of NASA's

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efforts are directed toward producing

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the advanced technology for future

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aircraft case in point the xB 15

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tiltrotor the tiltrotor combines the

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vertical take-off capability of the

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helicopter with the speed range and fuel

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economy of a turbo prop airplane rotor

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aircraft technology like this could add

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new dimensions to air transportation

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within the next 20 years the XP 15

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research aircraft was developed for NASA

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and the army by Bell Helicopter and

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recently completed its first in flight

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conversion from helicopter to the

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airplane flight mode it's called heimat

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highly maneuverable aircraft technology

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the place is nasa's dryden flight

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research center near the Mojave Desert

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hi matt is a supersonic research

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aircraft that's remotely piloted from

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the ground I matt has about twice the

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turning capability of the most

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maneuverable plane flying today data

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from these flight test programs are fed

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into a simulator to assess their

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application to full scale aircraft

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engineers at NASA's Langley Research

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Center are

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budding aircraft structural design

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including improved seat and restraint

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systems that could increase the

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probability of passenger survival and

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also reduce injuries when a general

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aviation airplane crashes they do this

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by intentionally crashing planes into

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this rocket-assisted crash allowed the

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researchers to impact the plane at 90

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miles per hour onboard cameras and

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instruments give precise information

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that can be used to improve the crash

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worthiness of future aircraft space

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science and applications space

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transportation wind and solar energy and

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Aeronautics all are a part of the NASA

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